Since the use of higher iterations has been shown to allow. Oct 27, 2011 for comparison, a koch fractal patch antenna is proposed at the same time. Journal of computingdesign and simulation of miniaturized. Antenna designers are always looking to come up with new ideas to push the envelope for antennas, using a smaller volume while striving for every higher bandwidth and antenna gain. The simulated results are experimentally validated in section 3. The size of minkowski fractal patch is reduced by 20% compared with a square patch. The antenna has been designed on fr4 substrate with thickness 1. Such fractal antennas are also referred to as multilevel and space filling curves, but the key aspect lies in their repetition of a motif over two or more scale sizes, or iterations. The designed antenna, has been fed, with aperture coupled feeding technique and fractal structure produces a single band operation for the cband applications.
These fractal antennas are used in mobile phone and wifi communications. Sband patch antennas are used for communication by. The designed antenna, physically being confined inside a miniaturized structure, can efficiently convert the wireless signals in dual ism frequency bands to the energy source to recharge the dbs battery or. Design and analysis of miniaturized cohen minkowski patch. The length of partial ground plane is varied to optimize the bandwidth and gain of antenna. Design and analysis of square patch fractal antenna for c. Between the minkowski fractal curved radiating patch. A broadband lefthanded metamaterial microstrip antenna. A starshaped fractal antenna has also been used to cover commercial and military applications 11. The study with different iterative degree of koch and minkowski fractal antennas and different ratio coefficient of minkowski fractal antennas are also presented. The substrate used for this design is fr4 the proposed design whose dielectri. In this paper, an octagonal monopole fractal antenna for ultra wideband uwb applications is presented.
The hfss v software is used to design and simulate the proposed fractal antenna. On the performance properties of the minkowski island fractal. Minkowski fractal antenna fractal antenna minkowski is one type of antenna a basic square shape square patch where there are parts that are removed are symmetrical and make use of the properties. Preetam kumar proposed printed multiband minkowski fractal curved antenna the probe fed. Initially, conventional square and triangular microstrip patch antennas are designed and optimized by simulation to have the same resonant frequency. Pdf in this paper, minkowski fractal antenna for bluetooth application has been designed. The cohenminkowski structure will be studied, analysed, designed and described in order. This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna based on the lefthanded metamaterial concept, using planar periodic geometry, which results in improved characteristics. Recently, some fractal patches configurations, giving low losses, reduced size, and quite good phase ranges, have been proposed for the design of reflectarray unit cells. Minkowski iterations produce a crosslike fractal patch with even more fine details at the edges as shown in figure2. The cohen minkowski geometry is applied over the patch antenna to improve the performance of antenna. A superstrate is added above the ground plane in order to.
The proposed antenna adopts 1st minkowski fractal patch and is fed by the aperturecoupled structure with hshaped and hshaped loaded capacitance. Analysis of koch snowflake fractal antenna for multiband. There are different techniques for the design a patch antenna but fractal antenna is the one of the most popular technique because of its two important properties selfsimilarity and space filling property. A miniaturization of loop antenna using the fractal technique is known as minkowski square loop antenna. Hybridization is a process in which two different antenna. Bilayer miniature broadband microstrip patch antenna with. The paper presents microstrip patch antennas, which are based on the fractal antenna concept, and use planar periodic geometries, providing improved. A comparison of minkowski, compact multiband and microstrip. Abstractin this paper, a fractal dualpolarized aperture coupled microstrip antenna is presented. Similarly, the compact multiband and the microstrip fractal. H shaped fractal patch antenna is obtained by three iterations of fractal. In fractal geometry, the minkowskibouligand dimension, also known as minkowski dimension or boxcounting dimension, is a way of determining the fractal dimension of a set s in a euclidean space r n, or more generally in a metric space x, d. Multiband fractal microstrip patch antenna for wireless.
A highgain stacked minkowski fractal patch antenna with superstrate and h shaped aperture coupling for 60ghz communication is proposed. A mems broadband microstrip patch antenna based on minkowski fractal boundary is designed. Selfsimilarity is useful in the design of multifrequency antenna, as, for example, the devices based on the sierpinski fractal gasket or carpet, minkowski fractal loop or patch that have been used in the design of multiband antenna. Fractal antennas can take on various shapes and forms. Applying fractal minkowski shape to the square patch antenna is the first step of miniaturization, and then the fractal patch is loaded with two different shapes of csrr as a second step of miniaturization.
In this article, a novel minkowski fractal patch antenna for size and backscattering radar crosssection rcs reduction is proposed. There are three iterations have been applied one by one on square patch which results in fractal patch antenna which resonates at 4. Results sparameter narrates the inputoutput relationship between ports in an electrical system. The performance evaluation of minkowski fractal antenna and the results are discussed in section 3. Its advantage is that it can be easily fabricated as it is a just conducting strip connecting to the patch and therefore, can be considered as an. Minkowski fractal patch antenna is shown in figure 3. Proposed antenna is designed on fr4 glass epoxy substrate with thickness 1. There are a number of fractal shapes like sierpinski gasket, minkowski, hilbert curve and koch curve, fractal arrays. The cst simulated results show that when minkowski fractal microstrip antenna is designed, the antenna operates with two frequency bands for return loss of19. The paper presents a design of microstrip patch antenna mpa using hybrid fractal slot kochminkowski and kochkoch along with partial ground plane for wideband applications. Fractal geometry antennas are being studied in order to answer those requirements. In the present paper a detailed study of a new compacted hexagon microstrip patch antenna using fractal ground plane and shorting pin is presented. The space filling property of fractals, as name suggests fills the area of the antenna as the number of iterations are increased. The metamaterial property was obtained as a result of the double fractal.
A design of microstrip patch antenna using hybrid fractal slot for. A comparison between minkowski and koch fractal patch antennas. All these antennas are designed on fr4 epoxy substrate. The paper presents a design of microstrip patch antenna mpa using hybrid fractal slot koch minkowski and kochkoch along with partial ground plane for wideband applications. Patch antennas made by generating an initial model generator early on each side of a square patches, as shown in figure 1. Ebscohost serves thousands of libraries with premium essays, articles and other content including minkowski fractal antenna design with dmssrr and dgssrr structure for wlan application. A design of star shaped fractal antenna for wireless. The fractal antenna not only has a large effective length, but the contours of its shape can generate a capacitance or inductance that can help to match the antenna to the circuit. Fractal antennas for wireless communication systems. The results show that the proposed minkowski fractal patch antenna have compact size and low backscattering rcs, which demonstrates that the proposed minkowski fractal patch antenna.
The antenna is fed by microstrip feeding technique. In this paper, minkowski fractal antenna for bluetooth application has been designed. Design of a mems broadband microstrip patch antenna based on. A multiband fractal koch dipole textile antenna has been proposed in 12 for wearable applications 0. These two properties make fractal antennas compact in size.
While figure6 a to b shows the radiation pattern of minkowski fractal antenna operating at frequency of 1. Apart from this, it can be used for various other applications as well because of its multiband feature. The minkowski fractal based two element array for wimax application is presented in section 3. Pdf minkowski fractal microstrip antenna for rfid tags. Results sparameter narrates the inputoutput relationship. A small planar modified minkowski fractal antenna is designed and simulated in dual frequency bands 2.
A new design of dual band fractal antenna for leo applications3. Variable value dimension of square patch 36mm dimension of square ground 50mm substrate used fr4 feeding technique coaxial feed fractal geometry algorithm minkowski. Then, the addition of several sizes of the minkowski. Between the minkowski fractal curved radiating patch and the ground plane is a foam substrate of thickness 5 mm. Figure 9 show the s 11 characteristics for the second iteration minkowski fractal patch antenna when b 0. Highgain stacked minkowski fractal patch antenna with. The conventional microstrip patch antenna has single band in which its return loss is25. It is named after the german mathematician hermann minkowski and the french mathematician georges bouligand to calculate this dimension for a fractal. One proposed method of increasing bandwidth or shrinking antenna size is via the use of fractal geometry, which gives rise to fractal antennas. As the fractal iteration increases, perimeter of patch increases and effective area of antenna. The fractalisland object creates a minkowskis loop fractal antenna. As the iterations are increased the resonant frequency.
The fractal geometry effect on patch antenna has been analyzed. The majority of this paper will be focused upon the minkowski island fractal antennas. The starting geometry of the minkowski fractal antenna is the initiator square patch, and the successive iterations of fractal antenna is obtained by. Design of tshaped fractal microstrip patch antenna has been obtained by applying fractal geometry. Keywords microstrip antenna, coplanar waveguide cpw feed, minkowski fractal patch antenna. A fractal antenna uses a selfsimilar design to maximize. Design and realization of minkowski fractal antenna dual band. Minkowski and hilbert curves based hybrid fractal antenna for. The concept of fractals can be used to miniaturize patch elements as well as wire elements. A highgain stacked minkowski fractal patch antenna with superstrate and hshaped aperture coupling for 60ghz communication is proposed. A comparison between minkowski and koch fractal patch. Citeseerx design and simulation of minkowski fractal patch.
Minkowski island is the advanced technique of the minkowski fractal design. Minkowski island and crossbar fractal microstrip antennas for. The cohen minkowski structure will be studied, analysed, designed and described in order. Manufactured antennas with a modified minkowski fractal curve.
Minkowski gasket is one of the earliest structures of fractal geometry. The proposed design of the multiband antenna offers an improvement in the antenna characteristics. A minkowski first iteration fractal micro strip patch antenna has been used in this design. The antenna achieves broadband through adopting bilayer patch for coupling and whats more, a capacitive metalwafer is introduced on the top of feeding probe to counteract the inductance caused by the probe. To increase the radiation efficiency of antennas, discontinuities introduced in the patch of fractal antenna geometry 5. Figure 2 construction of the minkowskilike fractal structure 17 a. Design triband fractal antenna with minkowski island.
Fractals in antennas and metamaterials applications. Fractal dipole antennas koch fractal the expected benefit of using a fractal as a dipole antenna is to miniaturize the total height of the antenna at resonance, where. This koch snowflake antenna is a good example of the properties of fractal incremental boundary patch antennas. Multiband fractal patch antenna has been designed using minkowski fractal geometry. A design of microstrip patch antenna using hybrid fractal.
Hilbert curve is used as complementary split ring resonator to investigate the effect of the fractal. The copolar and crosspolar patterns of the second iteration minkowski fractal patch antennas when a 1 a 2 0. Minkowski iterations produce a crosslike fractal patch with even more fine details at the edges as shown in figure 2. A patch antenna with split ring resonator srr has an fr4 dielectric.
Design and simulation of rfid aperture coupled fractal antennas. This technique of fractal has been applied to patch antenna in various forms 9. For example, a quarter wavelength monopole can be transformed into a similarly shorter antenna. Microstrip patch antenna with fractal shaped structure is a decent answer to the. A fractal antenna uses a selfsimilar design to maximize the length or increase the perimeter of a material that transmits or receives electromagnetic radiation within a given volume or area. To make an objective assessment of the designed antennas the network. The proposed antennas are fabricated and measured bandwidth for koch minkowski slot is 3326 mhz and for the kochkoch slot is 3237 mhz. Dual band minkowski fractal antenna for maritime radio. The paper on minkowski fractal antenna describes the design of three different types of fractal antennas such as minkowski, koch and sierpinski curves. Fractal antennas sierpinski gasket and carpet, koch dipole and snowflake and, minkowski s island fractal antennas use self similar designs to maximize the length, or increase the perimeter of material. The calculated directivity, radiation efficiency and 10db impedance bandwidth of the designed antenna are 6. Recent studies on fractal antennas show that these structures have their own speci. Different geometries are used for the design a fractal antenna.
Ultra wideband octagonal fractal antenna using minkowski. Design and realization of minkowski fractal antenna dual. In general the fractal dimension of a fractal antenna is a poor predictor of its performance and application. Therefore, fractal antenna is an auspicious area to be inspected and developed. For example, a quarter wavelength monopole can be transformed into a similarly shorter antenna by the koch fractal.
Nov 30, 2016 fractal antenna fractal term was first coined by benoit mandelbrot in 1983 to classify the structure whose dimensions were not whole numbers. In this paper two types of fractal antennas are designed, one by superimposing hilbert curve on minkowski curve known as hilbert minkowski antenna hma and other by superimposing minkowski. Firstly, a basic minkowski island had been simulated in the cst microwave studio. Gain of antenna is improved by addition of fractal elements to the nine corners of the nonagon patch. The higher order fractal antennas exploit the space filling and enable miniaturization of antennas 5. Thus fractal element antennas are shrunken compared to conventional designs, and do not need additional components, assuming the structure happens to have the desired resonant input impedance.
This paper presents the comparison of existing fractal antennas with the proposed fractal antenna on the basis of performance parameters such as return loss and gain. Design of a small modified minkowski fractal antenna for. Initially, conventional square and triangular microstrip patch antennas are. Minkowski fractal patch antenna for size and radar cross. The object of the study was the antenna of fractal geometry for gps portable terminal. The designed antenna, has been fed, with aperture coupled feeding technique and fractal. Microstrip antenna has a few disadvantages like low return loss, less bandwidth and low gain. The minkowski fractal antennas obtained from the first and second iterations of the square patch antenna with a side length of 12 mm are shown in figures 3a and 3b. The design process starts by a simple hexagon patch antenna fed by a microstrip line and simulated in the frequency range of 3. In this paper, we present a comparison between square minkowski and triangular koch fractal microstrip patch antennas. The paper investigates the effect of minkowski island split ring resonator misrr on the microstrip fractal patch antenna. In previous work, complementary minkowski structure is located at the middle of the patch of antenna to generate a.
The selfsimilarity and space filling properties of fractal antennas make it possible to use for uwb applications 4. Design and simulation of minkowski fractal patch antenna. In this paper, two techniques are used to reduce microstrip square patch antenna. Modified minkowski fractal patch antenna for multiband gps. This paper shows the designing of cohen minkowski patch antenna which is formed by the hybridization of patch and cohen minkowski antenna. Then, three units of dmssrr had been added to the front side of the minkowski fractal antenna. With the first minkowski iteration, the resonant frequency of the antenna is found to be about 6. A multilayer fractal patch antenna using ltcc technology.
This paper proposes the minkowski fractal antenna with square patch element. The fractal geometry has been interfaced with both an inhouse fdtd code and the commercial electromagnetic simulation suite cst microwave studior. The probe fed minkowski fractal curved antenna is designed with fr4 substrate for gsm9001710gps12271575wimax2500 and ieee802. Minkowski fractal antenna has been designed by applying three iterations of fractal geometry to form selfsimilar structures. For comparison, a koch fractal patch antenna is proposed at the same time. Figure 2 construction of the minkowski like fractal structure 17 a. The argument on why you might want to use a fractal geometry essentially is if you have a very complex shape, you will allow for many electric current modes i. Fractal geometries are appealing in all applications where miniaturization capabilities are required, ranging from antennas to frequency selective surfaces fss design. While figure 6 a to b shows the radiation pattern of minkowski fractal antenna operating at frequency of 1. Fractals in antennas and metamaterials applications intechopen. Fractal antennas sierpinski gasket and carpet, koch dipole and snowflake and, minkowski s island fractal antennas use self similar designs to maximize the length, or increase the perimeter of material that can receive or transmit electromagnetic radiation within a given total surface area or volume. Minkowski and hilbert curves based hybrid fractal antenna.
This antenna design consists of eight layer of substrate. Minkowski fractal microstrip antenna for rfid tags. One of the properties of fractals geometry is that it can have an infinite length while fitting in a fin. To make the antenna efficient in dual frequency bands, we apply the minkowski fractal miniaturization technique to the square patch to increase the length of the. Design of a small modified minkowski fractal antenna for passive. Minkowski fractal antenna design with dmssrr and dgssrr. Figure 5 shows the 3d view of radiation pattern in theta component of conventional microstrip patch antenna. This periodic geometry is derived from fractal shapes, which have been widely used in antenna engineering. Figure b shows the results of applying the minkowski fractal operator to each side of the square patch antenna. The paper presents microstrip patch antennas, which are based on the fractal antenna concept, and use planar periodic geometries. Abstract in this paper, we propose hybrid patch antenna which is a combination of square patch antenna and cohen minkowski fractal. Figure5 shows the 3d view of radiation pattern in theta component of conventional microstrip patch antenna. Design and simulation of compact multiband fractal. An air layer is designed in the antennas high resistance silicon substrate by mems technology and microstrip patch antenna with second degree iteration minkowski fractal boundary is simulated.
S11parameter indicates maximum reflection of power from the antenna. The spacefilling property of fractals leads to curves which have long electrical length but fit into a compact physical area. In addition, minkowski fractal patch structure is applied in antenna design to realize its miniaturization. Partial ground planes are used in antennas to increase the relative bandwidth of antennas. Triangular and circular sierpinsky fractal antenna with coupling patches for dual band applications ramya p, sowbakkiyam s. A novel design of multiband minkowski fractal patch antenna with. However, incorporation of fractal geometries into the antenna structures, and various aspects of their optimization, are still in the incipient stages. The first work is started by designing a normal minkowski patch antenna. The proposed antennas are fabricated and measured bandwidth for kochminkowski slot is 3326 mhz and for the kochkoch slot is 3237 mhz. It is observed that the selfsimilar structure of minkowski like fractal geometry laterally with the basic octagonal patch shape having modified ground structure provides the uwb operating bandwidth because of the multiple resonances. The research on all the fractal geometry of antennas is a present trend. Minkowski and hilbert curves based hybrid fractal antenna for wireless applications. There are number of fractal shapes like minkowski, hilbert curve, koch curve, sierpinski and fractal arrays.
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