The history and occurrence of terrorism in the present day states as well as nonstate bodies have used fear as their weapon of choice for a very long time, and as a historical process the use of fear may have its own dynamic and regularities. State departments list of state sponsors of terrorism. Countries determined by the secretary of state to have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism are designated pursuant to three laws. The designation of state sponsors of terrorism by the united statesand the imposition of sanctionsis a mechanism for isolating nations that use terrorism as a means of political expression. The heyday of state sponsored terrorism was the 1970s and 1980s, with the cold war raging between the superpowers while neither was willing to risk escalation to. Byman analysis paper number 16, may 2008 brookings 1775 massachusetts ave. United states support to non state terrorists has been prominent in latin america, the middleeast, and southern africa. State sponsored terrorism is a growing threat to nations of all sizes and in almost every region of the world. Leftwing terrorism 1960s thru late 1990s argued that if.
State supported terrorism by iran, syria, and libya subject. In fact, terrorism of the middle east origin accounted for about 40 percent of all international. But terrorism is also committed by a sovereign country or a governments, both domestically and internationally. Definition, history, and types of terrorism online degree programs. These countries provide a critical foundation for terrorist groups. Domestic terrorism by the state terrorism as foreign policy experts and scholars have designed a number of models to describe state terrorism. Apr 30, 2018 building on the international convention for the suppression of the financing of terrorism 1999, security council resolution 73 2001, calls on states to prevent and suppress the financing of. Terrorism has progressed further than extremist groupings to incorporate radical states that support or fund terrorist actions as mechanisms of their foreign policy. Thus, one can ask whether such regularities or cycles have been observed. Since the terrorist attacks of 11 september 2001, international support for. Terrorism financing united nations security council counter.
State sponsors of acts of international terrorismlegislative parameters. In that sense, terrorism is the most violent form of psychological warfare, and its psychological impact is commonly understood to be far greater than its physical effects. Syria has a history of aiding terrorist organizations, and is one of five nations on the u. Eligibility and funding since 1996, the foreign sovereign immunities act fsia has authorized u. With the linkage between the terrorist and the sponsoring state becoming. State sponsored terrorism in the middle east 37 inspiration from the iranian revolution and the teachings of the late ayatollah khomenei united states department of state 2010, 216. While the most common modern usage of the word terrorism refers to civilianvictimising political violence by insurgents or conspirators, several scholars make a broader interpretation of the nature of terrorism that encompasses the concepts of state terrorism and state sponsored terrorism. Countries such as iran, iraq, libya and syria came to the fore as the principle such sponsors of terrorism. State terrorism can be directed internally against domestic enemies, or externally against adversaries in the international domain. When states provide funding for groups considered by some to be terrorist, they rarely acknowledge them as such. Because of the pejorative nature of the word, the identification of particular examples are usually subject to political dispute and different definitions of terrorism. The modern study of terrorism excludes state terrorism or acts of terrorism perpetrated by a government e. Statesponsored terrorism appears to be much more lethal than nonstate terrorism, and there is evidence the u. Statesponsored terrorism guatemala state violence in guatemala, 19601996.
State sponsored terrorism became another new issue of the 1980s, initially because of the iran hostage crisis. Statedirected terrorism iraq, halabja statesponsored terrorism libya, iran in your reading assignments, what historical examples of terrorism have made the most impression on you thus far. Module 1 introduction to international terrorism unodc. Former secretary of state hillary clinton stated that she was considering renaming north korea on the list of state sponsors of terrorism. State sponsors of terrorism impede the efforts of the united states and the international community to fight terrorism. State sponsored terrorism came in the middle1970s, and. While the most common modern usage of the word terrorism refers to civilianvictimizing political violence by insurgents or conspirators, several scholars make a broader interpretation of the nature of terrorism that encompasses the concepts of state terrorism and statesponsored terrorism.
State sponsors of terrorism united states department of. Contemporary state terrorism this volume aims to bring the state back into terrorism studies and fill the notable gap that currently exists in our understanding of the ways in which states employ terrorism as a political strategy of internal governance or foreign policy. Global implications of state sponsored terrorism introduction state sponsored terrorism is a growing threat to nations of all sizes and in almost every region of the world. Meanwhile, by the mid1980s, statesponsored terrorism reemerged. State sponsored terrorism can be both domestic and international as well. Statesponsored terrorism, crimes, lies and deception. The sordid history of state sponsored terrorism against iran. Within this broader context, the volume has a number of specific aims. Terrorism financing united nations security council. Ii of this article, the historical definition of terrorism is discussed. Dablink state sponsors of terrorism is a designation applied by the united states department of state to nations which have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism. A state sponsor is a government that supports an actor in the performance of an act or acts of terrorism. A critical analysis of the exclusion of the state in. This article evaluates statesponsored terrorism as a principalagent issue.
State sponsors of terrorism covert history wiki fandom. He suggests that instead of simply managing a list of state sponsors, washington needs to. Statesponsored terrorism is government support of violent nonstate actors engaged in. American association for the advancement of science, c1999, by patrick ball, paul kobrak, and herbert f. The focus on nonstate terrorism in the literature and the present war on terror may be misplaced. Statesponsored terrorism appears to be much more lethal than non state terrorism, and there is evidence the u. Statesponsored terrorism guatemala history filed under. State sponsored terrorism, crimes, and lies collection 41 india 3 193.
One of the most valuable types of this support is the provision of safe haven or physical basing for the terrorists organization. Inclusion on the list imposes strict unilateral sanctions. This paper argues a more effective response to statesponsored terrorism can. Formulation of a states response to terrorism and state. State sponsored terrorism, crimes, and lies collection 58 israel 15 214. The changing nature of state sponsorship of terrorism daniel l. The united states of america has at various times in recent history provided support to terrorist and paramilitary organizations across the world. Terrorism committed by governments and quasigovernmental agencies and personnel against perceived enemies. Justice for united states victims of state sponsored terrorism act.
Nazi germany and the soviet union under stalins rule are frequently cited as historical cases of state terrorism. State sponsored terrorism, crimes, and lies collection 64 140. The term terrorism is of french origin and is believed to. May 29, 2008 the current united states approach to state sponsorship of terrorism is flawed, writes daniel byman. Having said about the adverse effects of terrorism, state sponsored terrorism in literal terms means any terrorist attack backed by the government itself, of a particular sovereign state, against another state as a revolt. In fact, terrorism of the middle east origin accounted for about 40 percent of all international terrorism in 1984, and two thirds of that was. The primary example to this day is iran and lebanese hezbollah. More often applied to the study of licit national or international institutions as a way to improve their governance, we argue that applying principalagent analysis to illicit relationships such as those between states and terrorist agents is an equally fruitful application, though one with different. State sponsored terrorismthe conflictterrorism has grown beyond extremist groups to also include radical states that sponsor or support terrorist activity as tools of their own foreign policy. Statesponsored terrorism definition of statesponsored. Global implications of state sponsored terrorism by elgie. The state departments annual country reports on terrorism hereinafter referred to as the terrorism report highlights u. Statesponsored terrorism can be both domestic and international as well. The changing nature of state sponsorship of terrorism.
Terrorism, in the modern sense, means violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating extreme fear terrorism was an important tool used by marxist revolutionaries in the early 20th century to disrupt the social, political, and economic system and enable rebels to bring. Dissent terrorism, which are terrorist groups which. As the world enters the 21st century, terrorism remains a vexing probleman anachronistic fixture of human relations as paradoxically human and inhuman in the third millennium as it was before the dawn of recorded history. International and statesponsored terrorism and their. The history of terrorism is a long one, and defining it is not a straightforward matter. State sponsors of terrorism united states department of state. State terrorism is generally committed in secret, whereas nonstate terrorist groups actively seek global attention. Pdf state violence as state terrorism researchgate. Terrorism by states is characterized by official government. State sponsored terrorism definitionterrorism is generally understood as an organized violent act by nonstate actors against unarmed civilians to create mass fear in a targeted state. Request pdf pakistan and statesponsored terrorism in south asia pakistan has gained the international reputation of being the worlds foremost exporter of. The sordid history of state sponsored terrorism against iran for decades, western empires have waged a silent war against iran, using tactics ranging from supporting known terrorist groups to. State sponsored terrorism is government support of violent non state actors engaged in terrorism. The first terrorists early zealots and assassins such as the sicarii and the hashhashin frightened their contemporaries but were not really terrorists in the modern sense.
The group has killed more americans than any other terrorist group except alqaida and has carried out numerous attacks against israelis. State sponsored terrorism, which consists of terrorist acts on a state or government by a state or government. Opinions as to which acts of violence by states consist of state sponsored terrorism vary widely. The term terrorism is of french origin and was first coined in connection with the. Statesponsored terrorism, which consists of terrorist acts on a state or government by a state or government. Future research should continue to explore the prevalence of statesponsored terrorism over time and. Without state sponsors, terrorist groups would have a much more difficult time obtaining the funds, weapons, materials, and secure areas they require to plan.
Statesponsored terrorism statesponsored terrorism, also called warfare by proxy, puppet or nuisance terrorism, occurs when a patron. The heyday of state sponsored terrorism was the 1970s and 1980s, with the cold war raging between the superpowers while neither was willing to risk escalation to a full scale war and possible nuclear exchange. When set against the tapestry of a thousand years of military history, terrorism can be seen. The purpose of this list, the government says, is to put pressure on nations that either use terrorism or that support terrorist groups. Having said about the adverse effects of terrorism, statesponsored terrorism in literal terms means any terrorist attack backed by the government itself, of a particular sovereign state, against another state as a revolt. Terrorism by the state or non state actors involves deliberate coercion and violence or the threat thereof directed at some victim, with the intention of inducing extreme. Statesponsored terrorism, crimes, and lies collection. On march 1, 1881, members of the russian revolutionary. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. International and statesponsored terrorism and their objective. State sponsors are motivated by a number of factors, some of which intersect.
In brief congressional research service summary iran, north korea, sudan, and syria are identified by the u. A state can sponsor terrorism by funding or harboring a terrorist group. Stooping to often pathetic means, terrorism is a way of creating power in the hope of seizing from below that which the state wields from on high. United states and statesponsored terrorism military wiki. State department, which is in charge of the united statess relationships with other countries, maintains a list of nations accused of conducting state sponsored terrorism. In 1986, the usa, convinced that libya was responsible for terrorism against americans, retaliated with military force. Justice for united states victims of state sponsored.
In the 20th century, authoritarian states systematically committed to using violence and extreme versions of threat against their own civilians exemplify the premise of state terrorism. A state sponsor can be described as a government that subsidizes any acts of terrorism. While the most common modern usage of the word terrorism refers to civilianvictimizing political violence by insurgents or conspirators, several scholars make a broader interpretation of the nature of terrorism that encompasses the concepts of state terrorism and state sponsored terrorism. Deny sponsorship, support, and sanctuary to terrorists17. Country reports on terrorism 2017 is submitted in compliance with title 22 of the united states code, section 2656f the act, which requires the department of state to provide to congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for those countries and groups meeting the criteria of the act. You will need to be familiar with the five types of terrorism. Together with a brief overview of the history of terrorism, this module will also. It has also provided assistance to numerous authoritarian regimes that have used state terrorism as a tool of repression.
Eastern based terrorist groups and states are major perpetrators of terrorism that can ultimately be described as state sponsored. Asymmetric warfare refers to the use of randomunpredictable violence by a weak group i. Us department of state, country reports on terrorism in 2014 74 covenant university journal of politics and international affairs cujpia v ol. Shaun gregory, the isi and the war on terrorism, studies in. Issues of the state sponsored terrorism law teacher. These constructs have been developed to identify distinctive patterns of statesponsored terrorist. Definition, history, and types of terrorism online degree.
State sponsors of acts of international terrorism legislative parameters. And typically, the definition of a state sponsor of terrorism is a country that uses surrogates as its weapon to attack other people. State terrorism usually refers to a situation in which a nation kills its own citizens. Also known as state supported terrorism, when governments provide supplies, training, and other forms of support to non state terrorist organizations. Terrorism in russia has a long history starting from the time of the russian empire. Country reports on terrorism 2016 is submitted in compliance with title 22 of the united states code, section 2656f the act, which requires the department of state to provide to congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for those countries and groups meeting the criteria of the act. State sponsors of acts of international terrorismlegislative.
Pakistan and statesponsored terrorism in south asia request pdf. Us policy seeks to pressure and isolate state sponsors so they will renounce the use of terrorism, end support to terrorists, and bring terrorists to. The changing nature of state sponsorship of terrorism brookings. State sponsored terrorism and assassinations abroad. As of 2011 update, north korea, unlike the other countries removed and the designated state sponsor of terrorism sudan, is still listed as not fully cooperating with the united states to reduce terrorism. Overview of statesponsored terrorism jewish virtual library.
Source for information on state sponsored terrorism. More personal or individualbased reasons for terrorism are frustration, deprivation, negative identity, narcissistic rage, andor moral disengagement. Taken together, the four main categories of sanctions resulting. A history of terrorism hezbollah is an iranianbacked, lebanonbased terrorist network with global reach that poses a direct threat to american interests at home and abroad. State sponsored terrorism definitionterrorism is generally understood as an organized violent act by non state actors against unarmed civilians to create mass fear in a targeted state. State sponsors of terrorism is a designation applied by the united states department of state to countries which the department alleges to have repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism. Perhaps this is why some believe that of all irans proxies, none is more important to tehran than the lebanese hizballah byman, 2005. The focus on non state terrorism in the literature and the present war on terror may be misplaced. Whether highly industrialized or developing, wealthy or poor, all nations, in some way are adversely impacted by terrorism and the lasting repercussions of terrorist activities.
536 203 17 1031 753 1229 1512 1473 394 1529 70 457 422 182 1077 1652 1285 1146 1030 581 240 771 176 1595 610 1558 509 1511 484 1607 1616 1009 1548 124 1071 801 919 781 466 1331 1192 374 535 1290 859 497 1462 1481 579 1410 9